Long before modern plastics filled every shelf, scientists looked for resins that could hold up under pressure and heat. Phenolsulfonic acid polymerized with formaldehyde stuck out as a breakthrough in the world of synthetic polymers. Early patents on phenolic resins came out of Germany at the turn of the 20th century, beginning with Leo Baekeland’s developments. Through decades of experimentation, chemical engineers learned that adding sulfonic acid groups to the phenol backbone changed the way these polymers cured, bonded, and resisted moisture. These improvements came out of stubborn laboratory work, not just bright ideas, as anybody who’s tried to manage stubborn condensation in an old chemistry lab can tell you. The journey from brittle early plastics to sulfonated phenolic resins didn’t just open up new applications, it gave industry reliable choices for adhesives, molding, and foundry cores — jobs that straight bakelite never handled so well.
Chemists know these polymers by a few names: phenol sulfonic acid-formaldehyde resin, sulfonated phenolic resin, or PSAF resin. No matter which label you see, the core structure involves phenolic units linked by methylene bridges, sprouting sulfonic acid groups. In industry, this resin always means a versatile, crosslinked, water-soluble or insoluble material, depending on how the chemist set initial ratios and reaction conditions. The practical advantage comes from how the sulfonic acid functionalization modulates solubility, electrostatic interactions, and crosslinking density, giving resin manufacturers a lever to pull for desired application properties. Over the years, as labs kept pushing out data, this group of resins showed real staying power compared to less robust polymers.
Spend enough time around the production floor, and you’ll recognize the reddish to brown hues typical for phenolsulfonic acid polymers with formaldehyde. Texture depends on curing: in partial-cure or resin form, the material looks like a sticky, thick syrup or brittle flakes; fully cured, it takes on the glossy hardness associated with phenolic thermosets. This resin chews through harsh pH swings and rarely blinks at high temperatures, usually staying stable above 120°C and right up through 200°C in many industrial settings. Water solubility depends on molecular weight and sulfonation level — a feature that’s invaluable when adjusting washability, reactivity, or compatibility in blends. The density, heat resistance, and dielectric strength stem directly from the resin’s tough aromatic backbone, with sulfonic acid groups granting enhanced polarity and controlled flexibility.
Every technical data sheet for phenolsulfonic acid-formaldehyde polymers lists average molecular weight, degree of sulfonation (often given as SO3H content per 100g), residual free formaldehyde, ash content, and melting or softening point. Requirements tighten up for electrical and foundry grades, demanding limits on ionic contamination, moisture, and volatile organic content. Bulk bags, drums, or flake packages always receive hazard labels per GHS, due to the acidic component and low-molecular weight formaldehyde that some grades carry. Try to find a warehouse moving this stuff without a Material Safety Data Sheet at every station, and you’ll see regulatory compliance has gotten thorough. Barcode-based tracking and batch-specific sample records are non-negotiable for major suppliers servicing automotive, electronics, and heavy engineering clients.
Reactions start in a jacketed stainless steel reactor, under basic, neutral, or acidic conditions as required. Phenol or cresol, sulfonated with sulfuric acid or fuming SO3, mixes with aqueous formaldehyde in calculated ratios. After getting the pH and temperature right, typically set between 85°C and 115°C, the mixture cooks under controlled agitation. Depending on whether the polymer must end up water-soluble or not, the reaction either proceeds steadily toward high conversion or gets stopped with a quench, then neutralized with base. Sometimes, vacuum stripping follows to get rid of low-boilers. Final product goes through filtration, drying, or flake-forming stages to suit downstream users. Overhead in the plant, the sharp odor of phenol mixes with a bite of formaldehyde, letting even newcomers know to keep fume hoods humming.
The backbone of the polymer forms as methylene bridges link ortho and para positions of the phenol ring under the influence of formaldehyde, with sulfonic acid groups opening reactive sites and pulling electron density. This functionalization allows for sulfonamide condensation, further etherification, and chemical attachment of dyes, surfactants, or heavy-metal chelators — a useful trick in water treatment. Modifying reaction conditions changes the distribution and ratio of free and bridged sulfonic acid groups, tweaking physical properties like wetting, dispersibility, or film-forming ability. Controlled oxidation or reduction steps also produce derivatives tailored for specific surface activity or charge density in specialty applications.
In catalogs and purchase orders, these resins answer to a host of branded labels: Resole PSR, Sulfo Bakelite, SPFA Resin, Arcofon S, Norsol, and Chemresol-SR. Trade names proliferate as firms modify the polymer for their house recipes, but the base chemistry stays rooted in the interplay between phenol, sulfonic acid, and formaldehyde. Some grades focus on high sulfonic acid content for dispersants and surfactants, while others shoot for low free formaldehyde to suit sensitive users like adhesive blenders or foundries. Over the years, rebranding and custom specification haven’t blurred the fundamental identity of this resin — anybody with a background in organic syntheses can pick it out by its telltale reactivity and thermosetting character.
Nobody in a chemical plant forgets the biting sting of phenol on skin, and this resin’s components deserve respect. Handling standards grew tougher because phenol and formaldehyde are both hazardous to workers and to the environment. Anyone handling the sulfonated polymer wears gloves, goggles, and respirators in enclosed spaces, and plant managers have installed spill containment and vapor detection. Formaldehyde’s volatility requires tight seals and active ventilation, especially for freshly-reacted or low-molecular weight batches. Safety audits check drum seals, drum labeling accuracy, eyewash station function, and spill kit presence twice a week at the best-run facilities. Transport departments have to file IC codes and match UN numbers, and shipping delays often trace back to regulatory paperwork, not logistics.
Phenolsulfonic acid polymer with formaldehyde fills more than one industrial niche. In water treatment, the resin’s sulfonic acid groups latch onto hardness ions, breaking down stubborn scale deposits in recirculating lines, municipal plants, and steam boilers. Foundries mix it as a binder for sand molds, which holds up under high heat and mechanical stress during metal casting. Friction materials for brakes and clutches use this polymer for its strong, heat-resistant bonds, cutting down on fade. Surface coatings have taken advantage of its resistance to water and chemicals, giving marine and oilfield pipes lasting protection. In electrical uses, high dielectric strength plus easy curing have made it reliable in switchgears, circuit boards, and insulation panels. Textile printing, specialty adhesive formulations, and controlled-release fertilizer coatings all benefit from this resin’s stability and tailored solubility. Firms pursuing green chemistry have tried inching the industry away from formaldehyde, but the track record of performance keeps labs coming back to this classic combination.
A steady flow of research explores safer substitutes for formaldehyde and seeks better control over molecular weight. Some labs test bio-derived phenols and “green” sulfonation procedures, using less energy- or water-intensive steps. Teams hunting lower free formaldehyde in finished products use scavenger additives or optimized curing cycles, and these tweaks matter for certifications in food service or children’s products. Solid analytical chemistry backs up every new production method: FTIR confirms sulfonic acid incorporation, GPC runs reveal size distribution, and thermal analysis establishes safe handling and cure windows. Across university and private research labs, the hunt for recyclable or biodegradable analogues picks up speed, following regulatory and consumer pressure. Despite all this, the core interplay of phenol, sulfonic acid, and formaldehyde chemistry stays at the heart of the process, guiding technical advances and failures alike.
Toxicologists dug deep into the risks associated with each part of this resin system. Phenol causes serious burns, central nervous system symptoms, and organ damage through repeated exposures; formaldehyde lines up on every international list as a probable carcinogen and a known irritant. The polymerization reaction cuts way down on the volatility and exposure risk, but incomplete curing or mechanical breakdown can release low levels of monomers. Chronic exposure among workers came under heavy scrutiny following reports from resin plants in the 1970s and 1980s, leading to safety protocols that modern labs enforce without compromise. Waste handling practices keep resin scrap, wash water, and exhaust air away from the general public. Recent animal models and cell studies point toward possible endocrine disruption or metabolic interference from residual monomers, keeping regulators cautious about widespread use outside closed industrial loops. Ongoing studies try to understand and reduce these health hazards through improved synthesis, post-treatment, or substitution.
The future for phenolsulfonic acid polymer with formaldehyde splits in two directions: tougher regulation on hazardous substances, and creative adaptation for new markets. Industries using water treatment chemicals, specialty adhesives, and structural composites keep demanding tougher, safer resins. Product certification labs and regulatory groups ask for transparency in labeling, tighter controls on free formaldehyde, and regular updates to toxicity profiles. R&D teams pursue bio-based phenols, greener sulfonation agents, and post-curing processes to make disposal or recycling possible without legacy pollution. For every creative chemistry solution, there’s a practical challenge — matching the heat and chemical resistance that gave these polymers their trusted status. I’ve seen research meetings stall over the smallest changes to a formula because the performance gap seems impossible to close with replacements. Still, with mounting consumer and environmental health pressure, industry leaders who can align tough performance with safer, greener manufacturing will hold the upper hand in the global market.
Most folks don’t think about how iron castings take shape until a part breaks down or a city worker digs up a manhole. Yet there’s a blend behind the scenes that plays a key role in making those molds and cores: Phenolsulfonic acid polymer with formaldehyde. In foundries, this resin does more than just hold sand together. It delivers strong, hard molds that can stand up to the heat and pressure of molten metal. What stands out is its fast curing process, which helps factories keep up with hefty production goals. In my visits to foundry plants, workers value products that cut down on processing time and save energy. This resin, known for keeping out moisture, gives smoother finishes and cuts down on molding defects. That consistency shows up in the reliability of finished mechanical parts, which means fewer headaches for repair shops and industries alike.
Anyone with experience on construction sites or rural roads knows dust control is not just about looks—it affects health, machinery, even nearby water sources. Road and soil stabilization crews turn to this polymer as a binder because it can grip soil particles firmly. It forms a layer that resists rain, wind, and heavy machinery. Without chemical binders, towns face more airborne particles, muddy ruts, and costly repairs. The environmental impact grows, too. Using the right binding resin lessens the need for frequent reapplication and lowers maintenance costs in the long run. Communities see better air quality, and roads stay smooth for longer stretches.
In the world of concrete, strength and ease of working don’t always line up. That’s where phenolsulfonic acid polymer steps in as a superplasticizer. From what I’ve seen on job sites, pouring a good slab on a rainy or hot day demands flexible materials. This additive lets crews pour concrete that flows well without adding more water, which keeps cracks from showing up later. Builders like it because it secures higher compressive strength—those slabs last longer under stress. Environmental engineers also care about additives that help cut down on cement use, since cement production is a big source of carbon emissions worldwide.
Everyday products from plywood to insulation board rely on strong industrial adhesives. Phenolsulfonic acid polymer steps up as a dependable component in various adhesives, delivering bonds that stand up to tough handling. That reliability shows up in packaging, flooring, and furniture. Damp conditions and heavy loads don’t break the bonds easily.
Not all water is fit to drink or use in manufacturing. Ion exchange technology transforms hard or contaminated water back into a usable resource. Facilities count on phenolsulfonic acid resin to make robust ion exchange beads. The structure makes for precise removal of metals and minerals. These beads handle high temperatures and tough industrial cleaning cycles. I’ve watched plant operators trust these materials because they hold up year after year, stretching replacement dollars and protecting downstream equipment.
Printers and coaters look for smooth application and stable finishes. In high-speed printing, this resin provides viscosity control and solid pigment dispersion. That leads to sharper images and fewer rejects. Specific coatings in electronics or industrial components lean on the same chemistry to build thin, durable shields against corrosion or wear.
Trusted Chemistry, Broad ImpactThere’s an ongoing push for safer, greener ingredients everywhere. Many resin makers now offer options with lower emissions and improved biodegradability. In my experience, engineers and buyers weigh cost, reliability, and environmental standards very closely. With the right controls and updated formulations, phenolsulfonic acid polymer with formaldehyde stands out for its adaptability across tough and changing industries.
You’ll come across polyethylene everywhere. Grocery bags at the store, milk jugs, plastic wraps — it even lines food packaging. The reason everyone from manufacturers to recyclers talks about this stuff comes down to a short list of traits that really set it apart. Polyethylene resists moisture like few other plastics can. Water rolls right off, and the contents inside stay protected. I’ve salvaged a smartphone or two from a surprise rainstorm thanks to polyethylene sleeves, so there’s personal proof that it does what people claim.
Durability is another perk. Polyethylene flexes before it breaks, and that’s something you can’t ignore. At home, kids bounce on playground swings molded out of this stuff. Toolboxes, pipes underground, chemical drums in labs—the plastic refuses to crack no matter how rough life gets. This ruggedness means products last longer, which saves both money and resources over the long run.
Polyethylene’s backbone is plain old carbon and hydrogen. That simple structure gives it a steadiness that helps it resist most acids, bases, and other harsh chemicals. I remember helping a neighbor store fertilizer in a polyethylene bin—nothing seeped out, nothing ate through, and the bin was easy to wash afterward. Industries trust this polymer because it keeps contents stable, even when temperatures swing.
Lightness stands as another key draw. Haul a five-gallon water jug out of the car and you’ll notice how much lighter it feels compared to glass or metal. Lower weight means less fuel spent during transport and less strain on anyone buying or using those products daily.
Polyethylene is cheap to produce and comes from widely available raw materials. Because of this, it lands in products for every budget. Healthcare, farming, construction, packaging — these sectors lean on polyethylene to keep costs down while meeting real needs. More people get access to safe drinking water with polyethylene pipes. Food stays fresh longer in polyethylene film. There’s a clear link between this polymer and a better standard of living for millions.
With its ability to be shaped, colored, or strengthened, manufacturers roll out custom pieces for all sorts of jobs. Toy makers add vibrant colors without worrying about safety. Pipe suppliers create tough versions that last in city infrastructure for decades. Even labs join in, tweaking the chemistry to stretch or harden it, depending on what’s needed.
Despite the perks, polyethylene doesn’t break down quickly in the natural world. Old packaging ends up in landfills or, worse, in rivers and oceans. This pollution creates a real headache. From my experience participating in local clean-ups, polyethylene wrappers dominate the trash pile. Recycling can help close the loop. Many places collect and reuse polyethylene to make more bags, containers, or even build playgrounds. Better public education, smarter packaging design, and support for recycling facilities can all cut down on waste and promote wiser use of this material.
On the innovation front, scientists explore additives and new blends to help polyethylene degrade faster without losing performance. Others re-engineer supply chains to recover more material after use. By focusing on these efforts, society can keep the benefits of polyethylene while reducing its lasting mark on the environment.
If you’ve spent any time in an industrial lab or manufacturing shop, you know there’s no room for cutting corners with strong chemicals. Phenolsulfonic acid polymer with formaldehyde may sound like something tucked away in a textbook, but out in the world, it’s a powerful tool in resins, foundry binders, and specialty coatings. But every chemical brings baggage, and ignoring safe storage or handling can backfire in ways that cost both health and money.
Proper chemical storage is about respect—both for the material and the people who work with it. This resin-forming compound shows a strong acidic nature, often appearing as a viscous reddish-brown liquid. It can corrode metals quickly and emit irritating vapors. Keep it in tightly sealed containers made of glass or compatible plastic. Regular polyethylene drums or tanks do the job, but always check seals for cracks or corrosion. Even a minor leak can trigger a chain of nasty incidents, from vapors to sticky residue on floors.
In my experience, there's a temptation to treat storage cabinets as set-and-forget spaces. That gets risky. Chemicals like this will eat away at weaker shelving or react with steel parts over time. I’ve opened more than one storage compartment to find an acidic puddle and warped shelves—nothing ruins trust in a facility’s safety quite like that. Keeping an updated chemical storage log is as important as regular physical checks. Add tags to containers and jot inspection notes, and you can spot trouble before it spirals.
No one wants to end up with burns or breathing troubles, so think prevention. Always work in a fume hood or well-ventilated zone. Disposable gloves won’t cut it—use heavy-duty chemical-resistant gloves. Eye protection isn’t optional, either. I still remember seeing a coworker dodge a splash only by pure luck. Don’t press your luck; goggles and face shields block most surprise droplets.
Spill containment keeps cleanup simple. Secondary containment trays work miracles for catching drips and spills. Something as basic as a well-placed absorbent pad can save hours of scrubbing and keep damaging acids away from sensitive surfaces or wiring. If any gets loose, neutralize the spill with sodium bicarbonate. Skip water until you’ve tamed the acid, since direct rinsing spreads the damage and can send fumes right into the air.
It’s easy to assume everyone on the floor knows the procedures, but onboarding routines get dusty with time. Hands-on training helps, not just slide decks and PDFs. Bring in real containers, run through donning proper gear, and do trial runs for leak or spill drills. The human mind remembers the procedures practiced, not just names on a paper. Keep safety data sheets posted at eye level, not buried in a folder, and walk through evacuation routes every few months.
Access matters as much as rules. Only staff fully trained in hazardous chemical use should dispense or transfer phenolsulfonic acid polymer with formaldehyde. Lock cabinets and require key sign-outs if possible. It’s tough to rewind time after an accident, but it’s surprisingly easy to set boundaries before mistakes happen.
Teams who treat strong acids with everyday care build more resilient operations. Chemical safety isn’t just about compliance checks; it’s about respect for the people who make industry move forward. Investing time, equipment, and training does a lot more than just keep inspectors happy—it keeps workers healthy, facilities cleaner, and production lines moving.
Working with chemicals in a lab or plant brings more than theory into play — it’s about practical decisions. Phenolsulfonic acid polymer with formaldehyde, often grouped under resin chemicals, sparks questions about safety. Nobody wants accidents, and no responsible facility skips material safety practices. That’s something every worker, engineer, or researcher understands from day one.
This polymer starts out with two key players: phenolsulfonic acid and formaldehyde. Both, in their pure forms, raise red flags. Phenols and formaldehyde each show up on hazardous chemical lists for good reason — high enough doses affect skin, respiratory tracts, and more. Polymerization changes some of those properties, but does not erase risk. Companies don’t just randomly label containers with “corrosive” or “irritant” warnings.
Direct contact with the polymer often leads to burns or severe skin irritation, especially if users skip gloves. Its powder or resinous forms tend to produce dust — inhalation isn’t just uncomfortable; it can damage airways or trigger asthma in sensitive people. Eyes fare worst. Even a tiny particle causes strong stinging. Liquid slurries aren’t safer, despite looking less threatening on the surface.
A few years on the plant floor taught me that even the most stable-looking resins deserve careful handling. Phenolsulfonic acid polymers don’t explode, but react strongly with bases and some metals. Store them in plastic or glass containers, away from heat sources. I’ve seen improper storage cause leaks that corroded shelves and damage adjacent packaging. Most manufacturers recommend cool, well-ventilated, dry rooms to some degree.
Some hazard doesn’t show right away. Formaldehyde can be released over time, especially when the polymer cures or ages under heat. Long-term exposure has a direct link to cancer and allergic reactions. Not recognizing off-gassing risks in resin labs puts employees at higher risk than the law allows. OSHA sets an 8-hour exposure limit for formaldehyde at only 0.75 ppm, with short-term rates held even lower.
Every safe workstation I’ve seen keeps gloves, goggles, and face shields within arm’s reach. If large quantities come into play, local exhaust ventilation stands between users and lung irritation. Simple upgrades — like splash guards and labeled containers — keep incidents rare. Small manufacturers or research outfits sometimes skip written procedures, leaning too hard on common sense, but that gamble creates more workers’ comp claims.
Books do not replace hands-on demonstration. Employees who go through specific chemical safety training show better habits and fewer injuries. The best shops review safety data regularly, update their hazard assessments, and invest in respirator fit tests when a process could generate airborne dust or vapor.
Scott, a process manager I worked with, insisted on regular audits. His line barely logged injuries, because oversight helped spot sloppy storage and prevent shortcuts. Upstream, some companies already push for less hazardous substitutes when possible. Phenolic resins fill a tough spot in industrial chemistry, but exploring new catalysts or binders probably makes more sense in the long run.
Experienced workers treat phenolsulfonic acid polymer with formaldehyde with the same respect they’d give other corrosives and sensitizers. Following real-world guidelines — not just checklists — creates safer sites, more predictable shifts, and fewer emergency room visits.
Growing up, my family relied on canned foods stashed away in the pantry. No one wanted to make late-night grocery runs, so we trusted those expiration dates. Still, dates tell only part of the story. Manufacturers stamp a typical shelf life—maybe two years for canned goods, a year for cereals, sometimes just a few weeks for dairy. This isn't random. These dates tend to reflect stability studies, where companies store products under different conditions and watch for changes over time. For many items, the "best by" isn’t a hard stop, but a guide to peak quality.
People often ask if something really goes bad just because a number on the package says so. Trusting your senses matters just as much as paying attention to dates. Milk turns sour and smells off, bread molds, and canned goods bulge or hiss when spoiling. For medicines, expired pills might crumble or smell odd. Changes in color, texture, or smell offer bigger red flags than the clock alone. In my own kitchen, sniff tests and a quick look usually sort out what’s safe to use.
Fact: Products aren’t created equal when it comes to shelf life. Low-moisture, high-acid items like honey or rice keep for ages. High-protein or fresh products—meat, dairy, some vitamins—break down faster, especially if the storage temperature swings. Freshness matters. According to the USDA, about 30-40% of the food supply in the United States ends up wasted, much of it because of confusion over date labels. Misreading these dates costs money, fills up landfills, and leaves families tossing food that’s still safe.
I’ve learned to stretch shelf life just by watching storage. A cool pantry keeps canned goods from rusting. Airtight jars block moisture from cereal and nuts. The fridge slows spoilage in dairy, meat, and leftovers. Freezer burn doesn’t always mean food is unsafe, but it kills texture no one wants at the dinner table. Storing meds in a bathroom can weaken them, since humidity attacks pills and capsules. The lesson: where you keep things plays as much of a part as the printed expiration date.
Getting the most out of what’s in the cupboard starts with paying closer attention. Rotate foods—use up older products first. Read the manufacturer’s storage directions. Keep an eye out for those warning signs: odd smells, weird textures, changes in color, broken seals, or puffy packaging. If a product looks or smells wrong, don’t risk it. For vitamins or meds, stick with the date—the risk isn’t worth the guesswork.
Greater clarity in labeling could save families headaches and cash. Pushing for a single, straightforward system—using “Use By” for perishables and “Best If Used By” for non-perishables—has gained support from advocacy groups. Educating folks about why those changes matter does even more. In my house, checking for spoilage has become as routine as buying groceries.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | poly[oxy(1,3-phenylene)sulfonylmethylene] |
| Other names |
Novolak Resin Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Phenol Sulfonic Acid-Formaldehyde Resin Novolac Phenolic Resin |
| Pronunciation | /fɪˌnoʊlˈsʌl.fə.nɪk ˈæs.ɪd ˈpɒl.ɪ.mɚ wɪð fɔːrˈmæl.dəˌhaɪd/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 66070-58-4 |
| Beilstein Reference | 3621336 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:537999 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1208370 |
| ChemSpider | 2282016 |
| DrugBank | DB03251 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.110.083 |
| EC Number | 500-007-7 |
| Gmelin Reference | 116826 |
| KEGG | C11199 |
| MeSH | D020127 |
| PubChem CID | 71241 |
| RTECS number | SM8380000 |
| UNII | V82EG3S7A3 |
| UN number | UN3266 |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | DTXSID4040963 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | (C6H4SO3H·CH2O)n |
| Molar mass | Variable |
| Appearance | Reddish brown viscous liquid |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 1.27 g/cm³ |
| Solubility in water | soluble |
| log P | -1.6 |
| Vapor pressure | <0.01 mmHg (20°C) |
| Acidity (pKa) | -2.5 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 7.68 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | NA |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.700 |
| Viscosity | 350 - 600 cP (25°C) |
| Dipole moment | 4.78 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 286 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | No data |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | Corrosive, causes severe skin burns and eye damage, harmful if swallowed, harmful if inhaled, may cause respiratory irritation |
| GHS labelling | GHS05, GHS07 |
| Pictograms | GHS05,GHS07 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. |
| Precautionary statements | P264, P280, P301+P312, P305+P351+P338, P310, P330, P501 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 3-0-2-Ac |
| Flash point | Flash point: >110°C (closed cup) |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50 (median dose): Rat oral 3160 mg/kg |
| PEL (Permissible) | PEL not established |
| REL (Recommended) | 0.5 mg/m3 |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
Phenol-formaldehyde resin Melamine-formaldehyde resin Urea-formaldehyde resin Novolac resin Resorcinol-formaldehyde resin Cresol-formaldehyde resin Bisphenol-formaldehyde resin |
